1/10/2024 0 Comments Flat earth firmament![]() In 1877, Hampden produced a book A New Manual of Biblical Cosmography. Wallace repeated the Bedford Level experiment in 1870, correcting for atmospheric refraction and showing a spherical Earth. Rowbotham created a Zetetic Society in England and New York, shipping over a thousand copies of Zetetic Astronomy. Rowbotham and followers like William Carpenter gained attention by successful use of pseudoscience in public debates with leading scientists such as Alfred Russel Wallace. He also published a leaflet titled The Inconsistency of Modern Astronomy and its Opposition to the Scriptures, which argued that the " Bible, alongside our senses, supported the idea that the earth was flat and immovable and this essential truth should not be set aside for a system based solely on human conjecture". Rowbotham further held that the Sun and Moon were 3,000 miles (4,800 km) above Earth and that the "cosmos" was 3,100 miles (5,000 km) above the Earth. He later expanded this into the book Earth Not a Globe, proposing the Earth is a flat disc centred at the North Pole and bounded along its southern edge by a wall of ice, Antarctica. Based on conclusions derived from his 1838 Bedford Level experiment, Rowbotham published the 1849 pamphlet titled Zetetic Astronomy, writing under the pseudonym "Parallax". Modern flat Earth belief originated with the English writer Samuel Rowbotham (1816–1884). 5.11 Evidence based on modern technology.5.8 Grid distortion on a spherical surface.5.6.7 Determining the size of Earth by Eratosthenes.5.6.4 Observing sunlight before or after seeing Sun.5.6.2 Length of the day beyond polar circles.5.5.1 Observation of constellations on North and South hemispheres at different seasons.5.5 Observation of certain, fixed stars from different locations.5.4 Observation of the sky from altitude.5.1 Visibility of distant objects on Earth's surface.5 Effects of and empirical evidence for spherical shape.4.3 Social and experimental activities of skeptics and believers.4.1 Sociological explanations for counterfactual beliefs.2 International Flat Earth Research Society.Many believers make use of social media to spread their views. Through the use of social media, flat Earth theories have been increasingly espoused and promoted by individuals unaffiliated with larger groups. Those who are serious are often motivated by religion or conspiracy theories. įlat Earth groups of the modern era date from the middle of the 20th century some adherents are serious and some are not. Flat Earth advocates are classified by experts in philosophy and physics as science deniers. Flat Earth beliefs are pseudoscience the theories and assertions are not based on scientific knowledge. Modern flat Earth beliefs are promoted by organizations and individuals which make claims that the Earth is flat while denying the Earth's sphericity, contrary to over two millennia of scientific consensus. The observable, contemporary scientific view of the Earth as a rotating spherical globe, which flat Earth believers contest. Twenty-two images of the Earth taken from space.
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